Dipl.Ing. NT , Astrophysicist
Klingenberg 40
25451 Quickborn
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Website : wolfgang.korsus.net
Part 0 or?…..more
The next part could also be called „The end of fun“. After thinking about it for a while, I’d better say „No more hunting“. Only 2 more meters and then I’ll remember the somewhat political name….
⁂ The NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION ⁂
„This term refers to the period around 12,000 years ago when humans gave up their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, became sedentary and began farming, animal husbandry and stock farming.“
From then on, a significant part of humanity was tied to the „clod“. In other words, cultivating the plaice meant being tied to one place. This meant nothing other than being where he had sown his grain and wanted to harvest it at certain times of the year.
Lo and behold, with this decision to farm, the long tradition of wandering and arduous travel finally came to an end. The result was that people finally stayed where they were instead of moving back and forth between different areas.
Attention dear readers, I must point out that the above does not suddenly apply to all Homo sapiens! There was what I call a transitional phase, a certain coexistence of agricultural cultures and hunter-gatherer societies, because agriculture involves certain behaviors that were completely unknown until then. Suddenly a „little problem“ appears, I trivialize it a little, you have to learn to „wait“, there is still the ??? ……Nature with the course of its seasons . Hopefully it behaves the way you would like it to.
You basically needed several natural events that happened at the right time. ⇰ Water in the form of rain or flooding, when does it get warm, when is it dry, when is it too cold for the plants? The great advantage of agriculture was that it consumed less agricultural land (resource consumption) than hunter-gatherers. The hunter-gatherers used much more natural space to gather or hunt for the necessary calories.
Agriculture therefore led to compactification (compactification is the allocation of compact spaces)
The advantage of this was simply that it brought people closer together.
As a result, a closer sense of togetherness developed. Let us note that agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age.
A look at the glacial ice should not be missed. It had advanced locally in Germany from the Alps roughly as far as Munich and from Scandinavia to about a line from Berlin to Düsseldorf and was gradually in retreat. For the Homo sapiens living there, the summers felt cool and dry and the winters extremely cold. Agriculture was still dead; but „first pure agricultural cultures“ were emerging, independently of each other, in southern China, Central America and the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. ‼
I can therefore conclude that the Neolithic revolution began there. On the one hand, agriculture requires a very complex idea of what should happen.
I cautiously and even inexperiencedly list……
So: the seed has to be planted in the soil, where it needs to rest and possibly be watered, depending on how dry the land is. In addition, it needs careful care and attention. Because, I say this as a layman, no matter how much effort you put in, it’s absolutely no use if it doesn’t rain enough in the end. The big drought would follow. On the other hand, even if it rains too much and the soil is washed away, the farmer is left empty-handed. This is how the sentence comes to me:
Arable farming involves a lot of risks that can hardly be calculated! …….which a hunter does not know.
So why this sudden change, this revolution?
This question poses a number of problems for many scientists, but they finally agree with the deficiency hypothesis:
This is simple and quite accurate – Agriculture developed because the hunters of the time had pretty much „cleared out“ their hunting grounds.
Listen! Hear! a first mistake …….
…… he animal world, I say for the first time, had already been so badly damaged, or rather decimated, that people had to start feeding on something other than meat, berries and roots, for better or worse.The humans of the Holocene, this, let me say cautiously, interglacial period in which we are still stuck – because we have probably already postponed the start of the next ice age with the „global warming“ that is now taking place ⁉
You can say without turning red: now
In any case, Holocene man developed a new concept with agriculture that had never existed before. It was a successful model and still is today. Now characteristics come into play that basically make me feel disgusted…..the animals were domesticated (they were fattened up to be eaten, wild plants were bred into crops, in abundance). From the exemplary method called emmer – probably known to very few people – the einkorn developed over the course of time through several genetic variations and crossbreeding into the wheat we know today. This is also how it works !!!
This was followed by an improvement in many agricultural tools. Simple planting sticks were……es followed by the scoring plow about 7,500 years ago. Then, hard to believe, 12,000 years ago man used a simple saw with taut ropes made of plant fibers. But what could you saw with it? Stupidly asked, soft trees of course, because wood was in great demand: you could think of making tools, building simple, moderate houses or tents, but the big thing was wood as fuel……..I have a lot of objections to this…..still going strong!…. young on the planet ⁉
Yes, trees were simply burned, en masse. Of course: how else would our ancestors and first humans have made fire? We don’t know where they got coal from, they didn’t have any, nor did they have oil or gas back then, and I won’t talk about electricity.
But the Neolithic people had two hands and their considerable ingenuity. Basically, it’s exactly the same as it is today: we are constantly improving our tools and the way we deal with things, but that remains to be seen. High efficiency is the number one issue, but even in the Holocene, people were already working in a goal-oriented way. It can be said that humans are now becoming homo faber, „creators“, constantly actively changing their environment ⇅
For this reason, I don’t like to get carried away with the following statement:
→ The ancestors from the Neolithic period were in no way inferior to today’s humans with their economic view of the environment. ←
This is the cultural beginning of all economics, but unfortunately not yet of ecology. Well accepted, but who knows? Perhaps there were „isolated individuals“ who might have asked themselves disappointedly:
„Didn’t everything used to be much greener? Didn’t we used to have more trees here?“
I think it’s very important that people communicated with each other and that their culture developed as a result. Attention, I find it difficult to say, also in the form of ideas about the afterlife. As if that wasn’t enough, there were even gods who were worshipped. As can still be seen „today“, people were asked to create the conditions they wanted. The Neolithic period even marked the beginning of cultural activities such as these, and pyramids were eventually built in Egypt. Something „industrial“ even started, namely the first processing of metals 9,000 years before our era.
Amazement, amazement. ….. You have to think about that! In Asia Minor it goes on in a similar way…… a piece of polished copper from this period was found. This is all the more astonishing when you consider that copper is not usually found in its pure form, as it has to be extracted from molten ore.
That means enormous amounts of preparatory work by „early“ people! Now I expect the question: How do we know that ? I’ll just say the word, archaeology! I hope you eager readers realize what an incredibly „laborious“ science archaeology is?
For example, a piece of pure polished copper was found! It seems very unlikely to me that anyone would find such a lump in the ground from 11,000 years ago? But the more copper was produced, the higher the probability of finding something like this. I’m trying to keep calm, because I’m pretty sure that if certain things are or were produced more than once in a cultural area, it’s no great wonder. (for the searchers, i.e. the archaeologists!!!). But that means the other way round: if we find such a piece, we can assume that extremely large numbers were produced, that we are dealing with a kind of – I don’t want to say mass production – but serial production. There is only one thing that cannot be argued away: …… This in turn presupposes a vast amount of experience, especially advanced craftsmanship.What else do we learn from an object that was made 11000 years ago?
A lot!!! ….like this…..The Neolithic artists passed on their knowledge and know-how to the next generation, which in turn passed it on to the next.
Please switch your „CPU“ to maximum performance!
Please realize what knowledge the human object actually brings forth from the depths of time. It says; a piece of pure copper from 11,000 years ago has been brought to light, so someone knew how to extract copper from the ore. It’s really not a simple matter, you need high temperatures.
Now just very briefly….1000 degrees. I’ll get back to you a little later on the subject of temperature…. again….then it will also be about the later helpers „like coal and coke“ where
our part of Central Europe became so rich. By the way, the production of steel with the heat of a normal wood fire alone is completely impossible. So there must have been a way to generate high temperatures in the Neolithic period.
In Egypt, copper was already being processed into jewelry 6,000 years ago. At this time, it was probably already normal to produce this material on the Nile and process it into bracelets, scissors and needles. If we add another 1,000 years, i.e. a little later, people started using metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and lead to make jewelry, tools and, of course, weapons.
The polished piece of copper I mentioned earlier was, I suspect, …probably used as a weapon in the blink of an eye. It is certainly good for people to hear nothing about conflicts, i.e. murder and manslaughter, from the time of the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION. A time from which there is no written evidence. I suspect that Holocene man was no different from us today in this respect. So if it came to that, two tribes, cities or groups must have fought each other. Not surprising, since 8.3 billion people live today and ….? The history of mankind shows us that in every epoch and generation there have been repeated attempts to gain control of the respective habitat.
The metalworking, as already described, is outstanding, but the ceramic work also arouses the greatest admiration in me. Let me tell you, what can you make out of earth and change so much? You take loam and clay from the ground, the right amount of water and other substances – e.g. color – and fire vessels from them. Yes, you read that right: Firing! A great idea and excellent craftsmanship. Please think about it for a moment, then say excellent! The practical and ritual use concerned pots, bowls, statues and vessels. This use of pottery has been around for no less than 9,000 years.
A few words about the hunter-gatherers: they had containers made of wickerwork and animal skins. All good to use, but sedentarization and agriculture required food to be stored for longer. Preservation came into play; this meant preserving liquids and food for longer, for which you needed well-sealable containers made of clay. This was a very good idea because it was called the stockpiling idea, so it was a forward-looking idea! There might also be days when there is nothing to eat. So you try to make provisions for these bad times.
Now a new thought suddenly emerges from everyday life, it is thinking about the future that makes Homo sapiens so different from all other living beings. The next revolutionary step for humans in the „Holocene“ was the invention of writing.
I will now turn to the first types of writing, a brief list follows. Researchers assume that the Chinese Jiahu script must be regarded as the oldest. However, just like the first European script, the Vinca script from south-eastern Europe around 5,500 BC, it seems to have existed without a cultural context. This can only be recognized in ancient Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. There, writing was used by traders and merchants to keep accounts. This was followed by Sumerian cuneiform script, which, along with Egyptian hieroglyphics, is one of the oldest known scripts. It originated in Sumer in Mesopotamia around 3,300 BC.
Even in the early Holocene, structures can be recognized that basically correspond to those of our present-day cultures: namely agriculture, metalworking, pottery processing and a certain “ mobility.“
There is a lot to say about this….many had already settled down, but some were also on the road again. Today they would perhaps be called travelers (joking)
There were isolated groups like nomads, they continued to travel as hunters and gatherers; a little later they were joined by traders and merchants. But the cultural developments were set in motion by the sedentary people over the millennia. It can be said to have been assertive and characteristic, the conquest of planet Earth by Homo sapiens. Of exemplary importance is the first advanced civilization: the empire of the ancient Egyptians. It is worth mentioning that the Sahara had undergone an unfavorable climatic development. It became drier and more desert-like. As a result, settlements were moved closer to the river, the Nile.
THE NILE
Many human communities clustered on the banks of the Nile. They formed the basis for Egyptian civilization. The most famous buildings in the world, the pyramids of Giza, I imagine, are known to almost everyone.Egyptian culture can be used to demonstrate certain characteristics that also apply to many other advanced civilizations on rivers.
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
Egypt was a hydraulic culture, a society; it had something to do with water. The (land) economic and political development was decisively determined by a successful mastery of hydraulic engineering (dykes, canals, artificial irrigation).
It was clear at that time that the Egyptian people had learned very quickly how to deal with the different water levels of the Nile, and of course they developed a special calendar for this purpose, which divided the year into 12 months and each month into 30 days. They also researched mathematics and geometry just as eagerly, with what success? Easy to explain, because they even built ships, as it was beginning to dawn, which were all prerequisites for building the pyramids. If you look at rivers, you start thinking about disadvantages! Rivers have one major disadvantage: floods occur again and again.
Of course, seas behave in a similar way during storm surges. With rivers, however, something is different, surely after a while a certain regularity for high and low water sets in or can be better recognized. In Egyptian society, a quasi „(caste of scientists)“ developed as a result. ), which was of great importance to the respective pharaoh. He was basically the son of the sun god Re . The undisputed leader of the people. A demigod and emissary of the gods, responsible for ensuring that the sun rose again the next morning. A wonderful and extremely „demanding“ job. I would have liked to have had it too, unfortunately I’m only alive today !!! But then, as now, he was surrounded by a large team of advisors. These included those who lifted their eyes to the night sky. They observed highly interesting regularities in the course of the stars. Perhaps this provided a clue, for example to predict when the waters of the Nile would burst their banks again. The first astronomers, I say, and it is hard to believe, for decades, for centuries, they and their successors explored the heavens in order to link regularly recurring processes in the „firmament“ with natural phenomena on the ground.
It must also be somewhat entertaining……. Apart from the first of these, there were even beetles that indicated the coming flooding of the Nile relatively early on. One of them was the „scarab“. When it fled from the banks of the Nile (unfortunately much too late), the Egyptians knew that the flood was coming. However, the beetles had very little warning time. They only fled after the approaching tidal wave caused the ground to tremble. The importance of accurately predicting the arrival of the Nile floods was hugely significant: It was necessary to protect oneself, on the other hand, the mud that was washed up was extremely important as a natural fertilizer for the arable land. However, it was impossible to stop the floods. However, attempts were made to store the water. They knew that rain would come again in several months. Grain was needed like sand on the sea, so more and more grain had to be grown as the population grew and grew immeasurably. This is how the ability to measure the water level developed. This is why advanced civilizations that developed on the banks of rivers are also known as hydraulic civilizations. …….and they had learned to deal …….with changing water levels in a beneficial way. This know-how was even used as a political instrument to secure power within a society.
Let’s take a look at the functioning of the state in Ancient Egypt, the administration.It consisted of a host of scribes. They were considered the masters of hieroglyphics because they could write, count and document. A real cultural leap.
Previously, it was common for communication to take place between master and apprentice by word of mouth. In other words, he communicated his ideas. But in Ancient Egypt, a new dimension begins: suddenly, knowledge, information and know-how are written down and listed. So when the individual dies, he passes on his thinking in written form and it is preserved. This is an incredible increase in the wealth of knowledge. Libraries and administrative structures are also created. Let’s remember the Nile again, it was our example! Now, if the Nile regularly floods the banks, who determines which area belongs to whom? Good question: the administration had the land surveyed. This in turn led to a new kind of knowledge, mathematics, or more precisely, descriptive geometry. The regular surveying of areas ensured what I would call domestic peace. There were disputes between neighbors, but the land registry office came into being and is still an oasis of stability today.
Of course, we know (today) that the Egyptians were mathematical geniuses, as anyone who takes a closer look at the pyramids will realize. Just put a few stones on top of each other and the thing stands, no and again no, it wasn’t like that! These enormous structures are evidence of fundamental geometric knowledge, both in terms of surface area and space. In addition, the monuments were also aligned with certain stars in the sky. Pure astronomy!
In Egyptian advanced civilization, not only did craftsmanship, structural and cognitive skills have their place, it should also be noted that these skills were probably not part of the general knowledge of the common people. There was a certain caste that was addicted to mathematics (only a few): In Ancient Egypt there were people who could think, read, write and calculate. (period) Now the question arises: can you compare them with us today? No. ………..Yes?
They say the people on the Nile had the same „cognitive“ abilities-and that was 6,000 years ago. I call that: ….. the madness, the surprise, right? …. Basically, the advanced civilizations of 6,000 years ago are not very different from those of today. Because then, as now, there were sensible or barbaric rulers, sensible or destructive administrations and a people who mostly and always kept quiet. If you look at it with years of knowledge of what I have just mentioned, we have not evolved much. Apart from the fact that in 21st century Central Europe, autocrats no longer establish dynasties. We live in almost genuine democracies in which as many people as possible participate in the free formation of will and opinion. But that !!!….is all and that also applies to the economic framework conditions.
On to Egypt: dams and irrigation systems, temples and pyramids were built. The inhabitants of the Nile Valley who lived there operated a corresponding stock economy, had an „administration“ and traded with the world they knew.
᜶ The people of the Holocene leave a traceable imprint on planet Earth for the first time. D
Many scientists have wondered what actually happened at the beginning of the Holocene with the introduction of agriculture in Europe, the Fertile Crescent region, southern China and Central America !?! Now pay attention, what follows has made me very thoughtful and worried. The answer to this question was provided by the evidence that the greenhouse gases methane and carbon dioxide had already decoupled from their normal cycles 8,500 years ago. In studies of ice cores drilled from glaciers and tree rings, scientists had expected both carbon dioxide and methane to decrease in line with natural rhythms.
❌ It’s hard to believe: „but“ increasing amounts of carbon dioxide and methane were measured. And not just in one particular place, but all around the globe. It can therefore be proven that the emergence of agriculture as a solely human phenomenon of resource use already led to more carbon dioxide and methane being released into the atmosphere through the burning of wood and the cultivation of rice. ❌
‼ Certainly small values, „not yet significant, but detectable“. ÖThe influence of humans on nature was thus made visible as a small fingerprint. According to this, humans left their mark with their activities around 10,000 years ago. ‼
There is another important development of the ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and on the Nile: you already know it, the calendar. It is the division of a year into 12 months, the division of a month into 30 days, but also linked to the cycles of the sun and moon in the sky. This is one of the landmarks of human knowledge. Yes, it is true: the fact that the sun sets and rises again, as do the moon and the stars, gives us (not me) a warm and pleasant feeling of security. ⁇ ( neither do I ) Nature changes, but it changes in certain recurring rhythms. ( Winter, spring, summer, autumn ) Simply the realization that things repeat themselves ……. could have been the inspiration for a current of thought, but which led to the development of philosophy a few millennia later in ancient Greece. It was a questionable assumption that there was a measurable order in the world. What is there supposed to be? It should even be quantifiable and can therefore be controlled by humans. Oho, oha!
I’ll hold back and say: philosophize if you want ‼
The method of counting and describing what happened in the sky was the big hit. Calendar history can therefore also be contemporary history. It was possible to count and measure time in a simple way. And not just months and years, but also hours. People simply waited, divided the day into different time zones and then built clocks, „sundials, water clocks and hourglasses“. People succeeded in measuring ……. space and time.
Time became a value, a quantity, often a daily „ESSENCE“, which in turn was dealt with culturally in a certain tradition.
Time even began to influence the daily routine. In some regions, it determined when one could or could not eat and drink during the day, rhythms that were reflected in the sky, in which certain favorite gods were to be worshipped and certain festivals were to be celebrated. This is completely normal for us today. We look at the calendar early or late in the morning and know: Today is already December 3rd, Christmas is coming soon, New Year’s Eve shortly afterwards and we are sure that a new year is beginning. Discovering such rhythms is like high-tech software. You really have to figure it out first! The hardware has also been developed. An example of mine: the discovery of ways to navigate water. About 6,000 years ago, the first ships even expanded the mobility and horizons of this advanced civilization. Please tell me „someone“ how, why or why could people in „that time“ develop these techniques? I’ll list a few of them: shipbuilding, pottery, metalworking and a few others. I say succinctly, because living conditions had improved to such an extent that there was a constant division of labor. Sedentary cultures in particular tended to divide up labor. As the saying goes……..one does this, the other that.
The formation of specialists begins from this, because they were better than the average. Good examples of this are as follows: How does the wind affect advanced sailing ? How do you build ships that transport as much cargo as possible? The best question for me is, how do you think the pyramids were built? How did they get the heavy stones here? Research has been done: With barges on the Nile from the quarries in Aswan in Upper Egypt. The Egyptians must have been ingenious architects and clever shipbuilders. It soon became possible for these ships to sail not only on the Nile, but also on what the Romans later called the Mare Nostrum ( Mediterranean ). The Egyptians even established trade relations with other peoples via the sea. This was the first step towards what we today simply call „globalization“.
Allow me to present the PROGRESS STEPS ON THE WAY TO THE ANTHROPOCENE in the form of an almost table in short form. I call them
⁕ THE WHEN AND WHAT of the last 2.5 million YEARS ⁕
—————————————
2.5 million years First simple stone tools. …………1.5 million yrs. First use of fire.
700000 J. First weapons. Simple stone tools are also used as weapons.
500000 J. Creation of own fires by striking stones on top of each other.
400000 J. First spears.
100000 J. The development of language went hand in hand with the development of tools and their use. An exact date for the beginning of the use of complex, differentiated languages cannot be scientifically determined.
40000 J. Humans use their voice, hands and feet to produce sounds. Objects such as sticks, stones, horns and shells are used as the first musical instruments to produce sound.
30000 J. Humans begin to count.
20000 J. Rock paintings document the use of bows and arrows.
10000 BC. The end of the last ice age marks the beginning of the Holocene and the Neolithic revolution with the development of agriculture. The reason for this could be the lack of game that could be hunted as a result of climate change. Use of the first simple saws made from taut ropes of plant fibers.
9000 BC The discovery of a polished copper tool indicates that the mining and processing of metals began around
9,000 BC in Asia Minor. Copper has been used in Egypt since
4,000 BC.
1,000 years later, metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and lead were already being processed into jewelry, tools and, of course, weapons. Around
700 BC, the Celts in Europe began smelting iron ore.
7000 BC Pottery, the production of vessels made of clay and water for storing and cooking food and liquids, increasingly replaces simpler containers made of wickerwork or animal skins in the Near East. Traces of wax on
9,000-year-old shards from what is now Anatolia prove that Neolithic farmers were already using beeswax.
6600 BC The Chinese Jiahu script is considered by some researchers to be the oldest script of all. But just like the first European script, the Vinca script from south-eastern Europe
(around 5,500 BC), it appears to have existed only without a cultural context. This can only be proven in ancient Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. There, writing was used by traders and merchants to keep accounts.
L5500 BC The first scraper plow is used.
5000 BC The first techniques for irrigating fields were used in Ancient Egypt and the Near East.
4000 BC The Nile provided the farmers of Ancient Egypt with fertile soil once a year thanks to its regularly recurring floods. In order to be able to better predict the floods
the first solar calendar was developed around 4,000 BC. The first rafts, boats and later ships with square sails are built from wickerwork, animal skins and wood on the Nile.
3500 BC The chariot wheel is invented
3000 BC The first sundial is built in Egypt.
2250 BC Semites develop the decimal system.
1800 BC The first windmill is built in Babylon.
1600 BC The first artificial glass is produced in Mesopotamia.
1500 BC The Hittites use the first iron tools.
1300 BC The Egyptians invent the pulley block.
700 BC The first coins are in circulation.
400 BC The first compass is used in China. Its needle pointed south.
300 BC A Greek invents the first mechanical clock that converts rotational energy into oscillation.
In the 11th century, the Arabs developed clocks that were powered by water.
Around 1300, the first mechanical clocks with verge escapement were built in Europe.
200 BC Paper is produced for the first time in China.
150 BC Concrete is mixed and used in Rome.
650 Black powder is invented in Byzantium.
350 years later, it is used in China, even though the Chinese had already produced the first matches in
577 the Chinese had already produced the first matches.
868 First letterpress printing (woodblock printing) in China.
1450 Gutenberg’s printing press with movable metal letters is used in 1450. 1608 The first telescope is assembled by Dutch spectacle maker Hans Lipperhey.
1712 The first steam engine of modern times is constructed by the Briton Thomas Newcomen. 1750 The middle of the 18th century marks the beginning of the industrial revolution.
1764 Spinning Jenny, the first industrial spinning machine is used.
1795 The Spanish physicist and meteorologist Francesc Salvà i Campillo develops the first electric telegraph.
1804 Richard Trevithick builds the first steam locomotive to run on rails. However, the cast-iron rails, which were not designed for its weight, broke under the locomotive. The first electric locomotives are put into operation around 50 years later in Scotland, the USA and Germany.
1826 Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce takes the first photograph.
1834 Moritz Jacobi develops the first rotating electric motor.
1835 The first light bulb lights up. 1866 Werner von Siemens invents the dynamo machine, with which mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell is awarded the patent for the telephone. Nicolaus August Otto builds the first four-stroke gasoline engine.
1885 The first practical automobile is the Benz Patent Motor Car Number 1, designed by Carl Benz.
1887 Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves. Scotsman James Blyth builds the first wind turbine to generate electricity.
1893 Rudolf Diesel builds the diesel engine named after him.
1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers a new type of radiation, the X-rays later named after him. 1898 The German physicist Ferdinand Braun establishes the first wireless radio link.
1900 Max Planck establishes quantum mechanics.
1903 The Wright brothers master the first flight with a motorized, controlled aircraft. 1905 Albert Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity.
1910 BASF applies for a patent for the synthesis of ammonia using the Haber-Bosch process.
1915 Albert Einstein publishes the general theory of relativity.
1919 The Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt patents his method for locating objects using radio waves: radar.
1920 The radio. First public radio broadcast in Germany.
1928 Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming.
1929 The first televisions begin to flicker, the first test programs go on air in Berlin.
1931 Electron microscope is built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll.
1938 The chemist Paul Schlack invents the artificial silk Perlon.
1938 Konrad Zuse builds the Zuse Z1, the first programmable computer. Three years later, the first computer follows with the Zuse Z3. Otto Hahn achieves the first nuclear fission.
1939 The first jet airplanes take off.
1942 The Aggregat4/ V2 is the first rocket to fly into space.
1945 Hiroshima is destroyed by an atomic bomb.
1953 Francis Crick and James Watson decode the structure of DNA.
1954 Start of the civilian use of nuclear power to generate electricity in Obninsk, Russia. The first solar cells are built in Bell’s laboratories
1956 Fax and scanner.
1961 Yuri Gagarin, first manned space flight.
1968 In December, the crew of Apollo 8 takes the photo „Rising Earth“. The picture makes history as the moment when people see the Earth with their own eyes for the first time-and become aware of the uniqueness and fragility of their home.
1969 Neil Armstrong is the first man to walk on the moon.
1993 Start of the internet, accessible to all.“……………………
………………………………………⇨ The digital age takes its count
2002 January 1 Coins and banknotes were introduced in 12 EU countries. This was the biggest cash changeover in history.